Pdf olfactory discrimination and generalization of. Ammonia is present in drinking water through either naturallyoccurring processes or through ammonia addition during secondary disinfection to form chloramines. Murrah federal building in oklahoma city was a 4000 lb ammonium nitrate fuel oil anfo bomb. Transfer trials in which dogs were presented with the novel odors were presented a total of 20 times per odor.
Ammonium nitrate when mixed with fuels are dangerous when heated. Box1751 eldorado,ar717311751 5018622077 isbn0879472189 109876543 printedinu. Ammonium nitrate an primarily is used as a fertilizer but it is also very important compound in the production of industrial explosives. Its name is commonly pronounced as annfoe it consists of 94% porous prilled ammonium nitrate nh 4 no 3 an, which acts as the oxidizing agent and absorbent for the fuel, and 6% number 2 fuel oil fo. Significant quantities of this nitrogen source were not available to american farmers until 1943, when supplies exceeded the need for munitions. Tm 21210 improvised munitions handbook 1969 department of.
Aug 01, 1980 improvised munitions from ammonium nitrate paperback august 1, 1980 by desert author 3. Solid ammonium nitrate is stored and shipped in either bulk or bags. Electronic buggingsurveillance and countersurveillance. The application of ammonium nitrate in the production of. Explosion hazards of ammonium nitrate under fire exposure by r. Unsuitable for shells because of a risk of detonation if subjected to very high accelerations. Ammonium nitrate has a melting point of 1700c and decomposes above 2100c. The first step is to dry the ammonium nitrate and keep it dry.
Urea nitrate, an exceptionally easytomake improvised explosive. Countering the threat posed by improvised explosive devices. Preparation of the ammonium nitrate, eva javascript must be enabled for a proper shopping experience. Improvised munitions from ammonium nitrate paperback august 1, 1980 customers who bought this item also bought what other items do customers buy after. Whereas the draft of ammonium nitrate rules, 2011 was published, as required by subsection 1 of section 18 of explosive act, 1884 4 of 1884 vide notification of the government of india in the ministry of commerce and industry department of industrial policy. Pdf olfactory discrimination and generalization of ammonium. Le create a subsonic explosion and lack hes overpressurization wave. Ammonium nitrate, urea nitrate, polyurethane binder, homemade explosives. Because amatol contains ammonium nitrate, it is a hydroscopic compound.
Anfo or anfo, for ammonium nitrate fuel oil is a widely used bulk industrial explosive. Evacuate the area in all directions for one 1 mile or more if any amount of ammonium nitrate is involved in a fire. The ratio of paraffin to ammonium nitrate was too high, however, the fuses burned. These forms supply 50% of their n as pure nitrate and so instantaneously increase the quantity of nitrate in topsoil from a very low value, typically about 10 kg nitrate n ha. Keep any explosives containing amatol in airtight containers. To produce a solid product, the ammonium nitrate solution is concentrated in an evaporator or concentrator. Army technical manual improvised munitions handbook tm 31210. Ligasova faculty of special engineering, university of zilina, slovakia abstract when the over pressure of a blast wave is calculated and its effects on valuated objects are set, many approximations are used. Just like the title says, this is a reworking of the errorridden book the anarchist cookbook 1971. In europe ammonium nitrate or calcium ammonium nitrate can is widely used. The sensitivity of these fuses to high humidity, reported last month, was overcome by dipping them in molten pa3,affin wax.
Guidance for compatibility of fertilizer blending materials pdf. Explosives and propellants 7 including igniters 1 plastic explosive filler 7 2 potassium nitrate 8 3 improvised black powder 11 4 nitric acid 14 5 initiator for dust explosions 17 6 fertilizer explosive 19 7 carbon tet explosive 21 8 fertilizer an al explosive 23. Propane tanks, fuel cans, and battery acid can and have been added to ieds to propagate the blast and thermal effects of the ied. Approximately 60 percent of the ammonium nitrate produced in the u. Approximately 10 percent of solid ammonium nitrate produced in the u. As discussed in this research note, effective stockpile. Because of its low sensitivity, ammonium nitrate is a component of many composite explosives combined with a more sensitive explosive. These investigations demonstrated that moderately fine grained approximately 48to 100meshammoniumnitrate, coated with from 0. Improvised munitions handbook improvised explosive devices or ieds table of contents section 0 introduction 0. Tm 31210 department of the army technical manual improvised. Evacuation is recommended if the initial incipient fire, not involving ammonium nitrate, becomes intense. Thermal decomposition may result in toxic gases, such as oxides of nitrogen and ammonia. Tm 31210 improvised munitions handbook 1969 is an official army tm that is widely available on the internet, mostly as a free download. The anarchist cookbook download books pdfepub and read.
Thermal decomposition may result in toxic gases, such as oxides of nitrogen and ammonia, being produced. In the search for additional improvised initiators, silver oxalate was prepared by precipitating oxalic acid with silver reminaton arms company, inc. Ammonium nitrate will not explode due to the friction and impact found in normal handling, but it can be detonated under heat and. The anarchist cookbook download books pdfepub and read online.
Request pdf urea nitrate, an exceptionally easytomake. On the other hand a similar fire at an ammonium nitrate storage facility in athens, texas simply burned itself out without detonation and without the help of firefighters. Fertilizergrade ammonium nitrate can be powdered or in the form of prills. It is way far to late to do anything about it, unfortunately.
A devastating explosion of an enormous amount of ammonium nitrate killed more than 200 people and injured at least 6,000 at the port of beirut on the 4th of august 2020. Ammonium nitrate, available in fertilizer, can serve as the basic ingredient for a very effective improvised explosive. Preparation of the ammonium nitrate, evaluations of sensitizers, variables affecting sensitivity and alternate initiation methods are all covered. During the present report period, tmphasis was placed on alternate fuse materials. In 20, a fire broke out at an ammonium nitrate plant in west, texas that ultimately caused a massive explosion culminating in the deaths of 15 people, mostly first responders.
List of explosives used during world war ii wikipedia. Explosives injuries bombs and explosions can cause unique patterns of injury seldom seen outside combat. Before you waste one entire second even considering mixing, creating, or otherwise implementing the instructions in these files, be aware that people have died from some of these very texts, attempting wholescale explosives and dangerous chemical reactions based on some flimsy text file written by god knows who for god knows what. It requires a booster charge to successfully initiate detonation. When properly prepared, this explosive munition can be deto nated with a blasting cap. Powder flash powder ammonium nitrate almost any city or town of. It may be manipulated in various ways not only to form explosives but also to be converted into various other chemicals useful in this work. Ammonium nitrate has been mixed with a number of fuels such as sugar and aluminum.
C005 command wire device modified battery pack with domestic light switch mounted on the top, 50m domestic flex speaker wire with a detonator and improvised claymore main charge. Ied or improvised weapon system 2 the tools required to. This liquid saturated anwater solution is then added to a. Explosives and propellants 7 including igniters 1 plastic explosive filler 7 2 potassium nitrate 8 3 improvised black powder 11 4 nitric acid 14 5 initiator for dust explosions 17 6 fertilizer explosive 19. In conditions of high humidity, this will be a difficult task. Nitrification is a microbial process by which reduced nitrogen compounds primarily ammonia are sequentially oxidized to nitrite and nitrate. A field diagnostic test for the improvised explosive urea nitrate. Although the number of craftproduced small arms and light weapons is difficult to estimate, they are prevalent and range broadly in sophistication and quality. These books are overpriced copies of the improvised munitions handbook published by the department of the army in 1969. Next, dogs were trained on an ammonium nitrate an, nh 4no 3 olfactory discrimination task acquired in 60240 trials, with a mean sem number of trials to criterion of 120.
Ministry of commerce and industry department of industrial policy and promotion g. This book would be of interest to those wouldbe urban guerillas, and behindthelines, deepcover, survivalist types. The predominant post explosion injuries among survivors involve standard penetrating and. When properly prepared, this explosive munition can be detonated with a blasting cap. Joint improvised explosive device defeat organization. The new york times article documents the unchecked flow of ammonium nitrate fertilizer across the turkeysyria border with firsthand accounts of the growing scale of the trade. Tnt, ammonium nitrate fertilizer, and fuel oil anfo. Examples of he include tnt, c4, semtex, nitroglycerin, dynamite, and ammonium nitrate fuel oil anfo. This chapter focuses on finding ieds through the application of manual search techniques and. Olfactory discrimination and generalization of ammonium.
Some older bangalore torpedoes use 8020 amatol 80 percent ammonium nitrate and 20 percent tnt. A field diagnostic test for the improvised explosive urea. Tertiary explosives need a secondary explosive for detonation usually. Improvised munitions handbook improvised explosive devices or ieds. Its name is commonly pronounced as annfoe it consists of 94% porous prilled ammonium nitrate nh 4 no 3 an, which acts as the oxidizing agent and absorbent for the fuel, and 6% number 2 fuel oil fo anfo has found wide use in coal mining, quarrying, metal mining, and civil construction in. Read as many books as you like personal use and join over 150. An explosive munition can be made from fertilizer grade ammunition nitrate and either fuel or a mixture of equal parts of motor oil and gasoline. Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula nh4no3. Preparation of the ammonium nitrate, eva javascript must be enabled for a. Analysis of the field test results of ammonium nitrate. Because they are in the form of salts, their relatively low volatility makes them difficult to detect at trace levels. Rapid and specific detection of urea nitrate and ammonium nitrate. Under certain conditions ammonium nitrate an and urea may also react to. It tells how to make your own ammonium nitrate and potassium nitrate etc.
Transfer trials in which dogs were presented with the novel odors were presented a. In order to read online the anarchist cookbook textbook, you need to create a free account. An accurate thermometer is essential for this work as the an will melt and liquefy at 170f and will explode at 400f. Ammonium nitrate is arguably the single most important chemical in improvised explosives production. Whoever saw the need for such a tm clearly threw caution to the wind, or, more impolitely, was a stupid idiot. Characterization of ammonium nitrate by electrospray. Common hardware, such as ball bearings, bolts, nuts, or nails, can be used to enhance the fragmentation. This mixture is stirred and poured into a suitable container stainless steel pan and placed in an oven with the thermostat set at 150 degrees f. Improvised munitions handbook table of contents section page i. Assessing efforts in pakistan to counter improvised explosive devices, gao126. Guide arson and explosive devices community guides.
Fill a 1pound coffee can with ammonium nitrate and place it in an oven at 150f for three hours. It is not in itself combustible but, as it is an oxidising agent, it can assist other materials to burn, even if air is excluded. Oklahoma city april 19, 1995 terry nichols timothy mcveigh high explosives. Homemade explosives based in ammonium and urea nitrates. Rapid and specific detection of urea nitrate and ammonium. Table of contents improvisedmunitions fromammoniumnitrate 1980by desertpublications p. Download the anarchist cookbook book for free in pdf, epub. Reducing the threat of improvised explosive device attacks by. Ammonium nitrate is the least sensitive of the military explosives.
Urea nitrate, an exceptionally easytomake improvised. Improvised and craftproduced firearms remain an important source of firepower for a wide. This is a good book about making the basic components of explosives from the ground up. The ammonium nitrate will be trucked from the site to the customer. The sensitivity of these fuses to high humidity, reported last month.
Atf has encountered the criminal use of some of these materials in improvised devices. Triacetone triperoxide tatp a new terrorist explosive, triacetone triperoxide tatp, has recently appeared as a weapon in the middle east. Improvised munitions handbook by chris hukill issuu. The decision to include urea ammonium nitrate uan solution in the top priority precursor chemicals list represents the only departure from a strict application of. However, the source of ammonium nitrate used for improvised explosive mixtures is often fertilizer. The decomposition of ammonium nitrate under fire conditions. Analysis and trends anfo can be used as a main charge but requires a booster for detonation requires umilled porous prills of an because are less dense and retain moisture better improvisation of pure an is not difficult english and arabiclanguage explosives forums provide instructions. Potassium nitrate saltpeter can be extracted from many natural sources and can be used to make nitric acid, black powder and many pyrotechnics. Security and resiliency guide counterimprovised explosive. All ammonium nitrate plants produce an aqueous ammonium nitrate solution through the reaction of ammonia and nitric acid in a neutralizer. Ammonium nitrate, which was imported from germany, first was used in the united states in 1926.
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